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<div class="itg-mosimage"><amp-img src="https://ancillary-proxy.atarimworker.dev?url=https%3A%2F%2Fakm-img-a-in.tosshub.com%2Fsites%2Fmedia2%2Findiatoday%2Fimages%2Fstories%2F1990January%2Feconomy-1s_021113111326.jpg" alt="" height="425" width="650" class="" layout="responsive"></amp-img><div class="clicktoenlarge"><a href="#" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">Click here to Enlarge</a></div><p>It was the beginnings of a brave new world. Of signs of maturity. A slumbering giant slowly shaking off the sloth and lethargy of decades. Since India's tryst with destiny 42 years ago, there had been innumerable predictions that the country's economy was ready for take-off. But it had been strangely reluctant to soar. Then suddenly, in the '80s, the brakes which had placed crippling restrictions on the economy disappeared.</p><p>Almost overnight, the dreaded licence-control raj was cremated. The Hindu rate of growth of 2.5 per cent a year was buried. It was the age of liberalisation. A tryst with a new destiny.</p><p>Factories were built furiously. Big became beautiful. Companies started looking beyond protected home markets. Profit became less of a dirty word. Foreign capital and technology were welcomed. And there was greater stress on productivity and quality. The incomes of the middle classes moved up, with an overbearing taxation structure becoming a thing of the past.</p><p>The transition wasn't entirely painless. The country is today more steeped in debt than ever. The gap between government revenue and expenditure has grown by leaps and bounds. The yawning deficit has stoked inflationary fires. And while the economy has grown, jobs are as scarce as ever.</p><p>Still, it was a sea change from the '70s. At that time, the maximum marginal income tax rate was hiked to an enterprise-throttling 97.5 per cent. Emphasis was laid on self-reliance and import substitution rather than on export promotion. Massive investments were made in the 'core' sector. </p><div class="itemcenter"><amp-iframe height="62" title="" width="320" sandbox="allow-forms allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-top-navigation allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation" allowfullscreen src="https://ancillary-proxy.atarimworker.dev?url=https%3A%2F%2Fakm-img-a-in.tosshub.com%2Fsites%2Findiatoday%2Fbanner%2Fpreferred-source-new.html%3Fv%3D1.014%5Cu0026native%3D1" class="mrBt15 preferred-source-banner"> </amp-iframe></div></p><p>Yet, shortages persisted even as large segments of industry could utilise barely half their installed capacities. The public sector mounted up huge losses. Two years after the oil shock in 1980, the country was forced to go to the International Monetary Fund to tide over its balance of payments crises.</p><table><tbody><tr><td><b><div class="itg-mosimage"><amp-img src="https://ancillary-proxy.atarimworker.dev?url=https%3A%2F%2Fakm-img-a-in.tosshub.com%2Fsites%2Fmedia2%2Findiatoday%2Fimages%2Fstories%2F1990January%2Feconomy_100813102359.jpg" alt="" height="425" width="650" class="" layout="responsive"></amp-img>Gopi Arora, L.K. Jha and Montek Singh Ahluwalia: Messiahs of liberalisation</div></b><b>The '70s showed that controls merely stifled growth.</b><br><b><br>Bureaucratic controls had to be eliminated for a modern industrial base</b>.<br></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p>It was then that realisation dawned that controls had not redressed 
inequalities, merely stifled growth. Jawaharlal Nehru and P.C. 
Mahalanobis went out of fashion. In their place entered the new messiahs
 of liberalisation: L.K. Jha, Abid Hussain, Gopi Arora and then Montek 
Singh Ahluwalia.</p><p>The process of liberalisation was set off in the 
early '80s with the establishment of a series of committees: the Jha 
Committee which enumerated the administrative reforms needed to remove 
the shackles on industrial growth, the Arjun Sengupta Committee which 
talked of making the public sector autonomous and the official group 
headed by former finance secretary M. Narasimhan which favoured 
replacing physical controls on business with fiscal controls.</p><p>These
 committees laid the bedrock on which the new policies were formulated. 
Licensing was virtually done away with and rules and procedures were 
simplified. Are as like telecommunications were opened out to private 
companies. The asset limit for MRTP companies was raised from Rs 20 
crore to Rs 100 crore.</p><p> Income tax and corporate tax rates were 
lowered and excise duties sought to be rationalised with the 
introduction of a modified value-added tax (MODVAT) system. Interest 
rates were made more flexible and the private sector was encouraged to 
raise resources directly from the capital market.</p><p>The loosening of
 controls paid off. While inefficient companies scrambled for survival, 
the trim and fit in the corporate world prospered. Particularly, 
companies manufacturing consumer goods and durables. Over a decade or 
so, the number of two-wheeler manufacturers went up from six to 15, that
 of polyester yarn producers from six to 24, that of car models from two
 to seven and of television models from 12 to over 100. </p><p>"Liberalisation
 has had a strong consumer-oriented bias," observes Amaresh Bagchi, 
director, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy.</p><p>Decontrol of the cement industry resulted in a surplus after decades of shortages. Faced with periodic gluts, fertiliser companies fought discount wars, black market premia on two-wheelers disappeared while manufacturers of computers, copiers and television sets vied with one another to pare prices.</p><table><tbody><tr><td><b><div class="itg-mosimage"><amp-img src="https://ancillary-proxy.atarimworker.dev?url=https%3A%2F%2Fakm-img-a-in.tosshub.com%2Fsites%2Fmedia2%2Findiatoday%2Fimages%2Fstories%2F1990January%2Feconomy-3_100813102359.jpg" alt="" height="425" width="650" class="" layout="responsive"></amp-img>L.C. Jain; B.S. Minhas; Hanumantha Rao: A change of tack</div></b><b>The new Government is likely to revive the rhetoric of socialism, but that may be more style than substance.</b><b><br><br>Liberalisation was meant for a few. For the vast majority, it has spelt nothing but disaster. </b><i></i><div align="left"><b>L.C. Jain, </b><i>Planning Commission member</i></div><i></i></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p>The robust health of the infrastructure helped. Power generation, 
though still short of demand, nearly doubled between 1981 and 1989, 
mostly because of improved plant load factor. The railways almost always
 exceeded their freight movement targets.</p><p>The Bombay High oil and gas 
fields helped reduce petroleum imports in the early '80s. Says Y.K. 
Alagh, former member of the Planning Commission: "The '80s marked the 
maturing of the Indian economy."</p><p>One indication of the industrial 
boom: the number of licences issued every year went up from 60 in the 
early 70s to nearly 1,000 by the mid-'80s.</p><p>The number of foreign 
collaboration agreements approved by the Government went up threefold in
 this period. And direct foreign investment went up from under Rs 10 
crore in 1980 to Rs 240 crore in 1988.</p><p>But liberalisation also exacted a price. While sunrise industries 
like petrochemicals, synthetic fibres, telecommunications expenditure. 
Savings rates stagnated. And while tax revenues have gone up in absolute
 terms, as a proportion of the gdp, they have remained stagnant at 16.4 
per cent - because the Government did not broaden its tax base, 
especially by including the rural rich in the income tax net.</p><p>Predictably
 the fiscal profligacy of the Government has fuelled the fires of 
inflation. Says B.S. Minhas of the Indian Statistical Institute: "The 
'80s have been marked by a total lack of financial discipline and this 
has been a major reason for inflation." What's worse is that retail 
prices of essential commodities - like edible oils, foodgrains, sugar 
and vanaspati - have risen relatively faster.</p><div class="itg-mosimage"><amp-img src="https://ancillary-proxy.atarimworker.dev?url=https%3A%2F%2Fakm-img-a-in.tosshub.com%2Fsites%2Fmedia2%2Findiatoday%2Fimages%2Fstories%2F1990January%2Feconomy-8s_021113111511.jpg" alt="" height="425" width="650" class="" layout="responsive"></amp-img><div class="clicktoenlarge"><a href="#" target="_blank" rel="dofollow">Click here to Enlarge</a></div></div></p><p>Since the fundamental problems in the economy still remain - and liberalisation has not made any impact - it is but inevitable that the new Government headed by V.P. Singh should again be stressing the virtues of socialism. Economic ideology has turned full circle.</p><p>Indira Gandhi's rhetoric of the early 70s is being repeated by the new rulers. But that may be more a matter of style rather than substance.</p><p>Despite the daunting problems that face it, the Indian economy continues to display remarkable resilience. The '90s may well see the Indian economic experience - even if it continues to be somewhat mixed and sometimes mixed-up - establish its uniqueness on the map of the world. And develop better than before, certainly quicker than most countries of the world.</p><div id="tab-link-wrapper-plugin"><div class="authors__container"><div class="authors__by"><div class="authlable">Published By: </div><div class="authdetaisl">AtMigration </div></div><div class="published__on"><div class="authlable">Published On: </div><div class="authdetaisl">Jan 15, 1990</div></div></div><div class="sendros">--- ENDS ---</div></div></div>

cover-story

Cover Story

<div class="itg-mosimage"><div class="itgimage"><img  title=""  class="" alt="" src="https://ancillary-proxy.atarimworker.dev?url=https%3A%2F%2Fakm-img-a-in.tosshub.com%2Fsites%2Fmedia2%2Findiatoday%2Fimages%2Fstories%2F1990January%2Feconomy-1s_021113111326.jpg" loading="lazy" /></div><div class="clicktoenlarge" style="width:150px;margin-right:15px text-align:center" valign="bottom"><a href="#" onclick="javascript:window.open('https://ancillary-proxy.atarimworker.dev?url=https%3A%2F%2Fakm-img-a-in.tosshub.com%2Fsites%2Fmedia2%2Findiatoday%2Fimages%2Fstories%2F1990January%2Feconomy-1l_021113111326.jpg','window','status=no,resize=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=no,width=600,height=459'); return false;" rel="dofollow">Click here to Enlarge</a></div><p>It was the beginnings of a brave new world. Of signs of maturity. A slumbering giant slowly shaking off the sloth and lethargy of decades. Since India's tryst with destiny 42 years ago, there had been innumerable predictions that the country's economy was ready for take-off. But it had been strangely reluctant to soar. Then suddenly, in the '80s, the brakes which had placed crippling restrictions on the economy disappeared.</p><p>Almost overnight, the dreaded licence-control raj was cremated. The Hindu rate of growth of 2.5 per cent a year was buried. It was the age of liberalisation. A tryst with a new destiny.</p><p>Factories were built furiously. Big became beautiful. Companies started looking beyond protected home markets. Profit became less of a dirty word. Foreign capital and technology were welcomed. And there was greater stress on productivity and quality. The incomes of the middle classes moved up, with an overbearing taxation structure becoming a thing of the past.</p><p>The transition wasn't entirely painless. The country is today more steeped in debt than ever. The gap between government revenue and expenditure has grown by leaps and bounds. The yawning deficit has stoked inflationary fires. And while the economy has grown, jobs are as scarce as ever.</p><p>Still, it was a sea change from the '70s. At that time, the maximum marginal income tax rate was hiked to an enterprise-throttling 97.5 per cent. Emphasis was laid on self-reliance and import substitution rather than on export promotion. Massive investments were made in the 'core' sector. </p><div class="itemcenter"><iframe scrolling="no" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="62" awidth="320" aheight="62" amplayout="fixed" src="https://ancillary-proxy.atarimworker.dev?url=https%3A%2F%2Fakm-img-a-in.tosshub.com%2Fsites%2Findiatoday%2Fbanner%2Fpreferred-source-new.html%3Fv%3D1.014" class="preferred-source-banner" loading="lazy"></iframe></div><style>.preferred-source-banner{  margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom:10px;}</style></p><p>Yet, shortages persisted even as large segments of industry could utilise barely half their installed capacities. The public sector mounted up huge losses. Two years after the oil shock in 1980, the country was forced to go to the International Monetary Fund to tide over its balance of payments crises.</p><table style="margin-right: 8px; background-color: rgb(229, 229, 229);" align="left" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" height="64" width="360"><tbody><tr style="" dir="" id="" align="" background="" bgcolor="" height="" lang="" valign="top" xml:lang=""><td><b><div class="itg-mosimage"><div class="itgimage"><img  title=""  class="" alt="" src="https://ancillary-proxy.atarimworker.dev?url=https%3A%2F%2Fakm-img-a-in.tosshub.com%2Fsites%2Fmedia2%2Findiatoday%2Fimages%2Fstories%2F1990January%2Feconomy_100813102359.jpg" loading="lazy" /></div>Gopi Arora, L.K. Jha and Montek Singh Ahluwalia: Messiahs of liberalisation</div></b><b>The '70s showed that controls merely stifled growth.</b><br><b><br>Bureaucratic controls had to be eliminated for a modern industrial base</b>.<br></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p>It was then that realisation dawned that controls had not redressed 
inequalities, merely stifled growth. Jawaharlal Nehru and P.C. 
Mahalanobis went out of fashion. In their place entered the new messiahs
 of liberalisation: L.K. Jha, Abid Hussain, Gopi Arora and then Montek 
Singh Ahluwalia.</p><p>The process of liberalisation was set off in the 
early '80s with the establishment of a series of committees: the Jha 
Committee which enumerated the administrative reforms needed to remove 
the shackles on industrial growth, the Arjun Sengupta Committee which 
talked of making the public sector autonomous and the official group 
headed by former finance secretary M. Narasimhan which favoured 
replacing physical controls on business with fiscal controls.</p><p>These
 committees laid the bedrock on which the new policies were formulated. 
Licensing was virtually done away with and rules and procedures were 
simplified. Are as like telecommunications were opened out to private 
companies. The asset limit for MRTP companies was raised from Rs 20 
crore to Rs 100 crore.</p><p> Income tax and corporate tax rates were 
lowered and excise duties sought to be rationalised with the 
introduction of a modified value-added tax (MODVAT) system. Interest 
rates were made more flexible and the private sector was encouraged to 
raise resources directly from the capital market.</p><p>The loosening of
 controls paid off. While inefficient companies scrambled for survival, 
the trim and fit in the corporate world prospered. Particularly, 
companies manufacturing consumer goods and durables. Over a decade or 
so, the number of two-wheeler manufacturers went up from six to 15, that
 of polyester yarn producers from six to 24, that of car models from two
 to seven and of television models from 12 to over 100. </p><p>"Liberalisation
 has had a strong consumer-oriented bias," observes Amaresh Bagchi, 
director, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy.</p><p>Decontrol of the cement industry resulted in a surplus after decades of shortages. Faced with periodic gluts, fertiliser companies fought discount wars, black market premia on two-wheelers disappeared while manufacturers of computers, copiers and television sets vied with one another to pare prices.</p><table style="margin-right: 8px; background-color: rgb(229, 229, 229);" align="left" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="3" height="91" width="320"><tbody><tr><td><b><div class="itg-mosimage"><div class="itgimage"><img  title=""  class="" alt="" src="https://ancillary-proxy.atarimworker.dev?url=https%3A%2F%2Fakm-img-a-in.tosshub.com%2Fsites%2Fmedia2%2Findiatoday%2Fimages%2Fstories%2F1990January%2Feconomy-3_100813102359.jpg" loading="lazy" /></div>L.C. Jain; B.S. Minhas; Hanumantha Rao: A change of tack</div></b><b>The new Government is likely to revive the rhetoric of socialism, but that may be more style than substance.</b><b><br><br>Liberalisation was meant for a few. For the vast majority, it has spelt nothing but disaster. </b><i></i><div align="left"><b>L.C. Jain, </b><i>Planning Commission member</i></div><i></i></td></tr></tbody></table></p><p>The robust health of the infrastructure helped. Power generation, 
though still short of demand, nearly doubled between 1981 and 1989, 
mostly because of improved plant load factor. The railways almost always
 exceeded their freight movement targets.</p><p>The Bombay High oil and gas 
fields helped reduce petroleum imports in the early '80s. Says Y.K. 
Alagh, former member of the Planning Commission: "The '80s marked the 
maturing of the Indian economy."</p><p>One indication of the industrial 
boom: the number of licences issued every year went up from 60 in the 
early 70s to nearly 1,000 by the mid-'80s.</p><p>The number of foreign 
collaboration agreements approved by the Government went up threefold in
 this period. And direct foreign investment went up from under Rs 10 
crore in 1980 to Rs 240 crore in 1988.</p><p>But liberalisation also exacted a price. While sunrise industries 
like petrochemicals, synthetic fibres, telecommunications expenditure. 
Savings rates stagnated. And while tax revenues have gone up in absolute
 terms, as a proportion of the gdp, they have remained stagnant at 16.4 
per cent - because the Government did not broaden its tax base, 
especially by including the rural rich in the income tax net.</p><p>Predictably
 the fiscal profligacy of the Government has fuelled the fires of 
inflation. Says B.S. Minhas of the Indian Statistical Institute: "The 
'80s have been marked by a total lack of financial discipline and this 
has been a major reason for inflation." What's worse is that retail 
prices of essential commodities - like edible oils, foodgrains, sugar 
and vanaspati - have risen relatively faster.</p><div class="itg-mosimage"><div class="itgimage"><img  title=""  class="" alt="" src="https://ancillary-proxy.atarimworker.dev?url=https%3A%2F%2Fakm-img-a-in.tosshub.com%2Fsites%2Fmedia2%2Findiatoday%2Fimages%2Fstories%2F1990January%2Feconomy-8s_021113111511.jpg" loading="lazy" /></div><div class="clicktoenlarge" style="width:175px;margin-right:15px text-align:center" valign="bottom"><a href="#" onclick="javascript:window.open('https://ancillary-proxy.atarimworker.dev?url=https%3A%2F%2Fakm-img-a-in.tosshub.com%2Fsites%2Fmedia2%2Findiatoday%2Fimages%2Fstories%2F1990January%2Feconomy-8l_021113111511.jpg','window','status=no,resize=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=no,width=800,height=429'); return false;" rel="dofollow">Click here to Enlarge</a></div></div></p><p>Since the fundamental problems in the economy still remain - and liberalisation has not made any impact - it is but inevitable that the new Government headed by V.P. Singh should again be stressing the virtues of socialism. Economic ideology has turned full circle.</p><p>Indira Gandhi's rhetoric of the early 70s is being repeated by the new rulers. But that may be more a matter of style rather than substance.</p><p>Despite the daunting problems that face it, the Indian economy continues to display remarkable resilience. The '90s may well see the Indian economic experience - even if it continues to be somewhat mixed and sometimes mixed-up - establish its uniqueness on the map of the world. And develop better than before, certainly quicker than most countries of the world.</p><div id="tab-link-wrapper-plugin"><div class="authors__container"><div class="authors__by"><div class="authlable">Published By: </div><div class="authdetaisl">AtMigration </div></div><div class="published__on"><div class="authlable">Published On: </div><div class="authdetaisl">Jan 15, 1990</div></div></div><div class="sendros">--- ENDS ---</div></div></div>

The loosening of government controls set the economy moving, but serious problems continue to bedevil it.

India Today

Economy: Getting into stride - India Today

Loosening of govt controls set economy moving, but serious problems continue to bedevil it

Economy: Getting into stride

Matt Henry says New Zealand’s bruising India tour delivered vital lessons, not damage, as a young bowling attack grew under pressure and gained confidence ahead of the T20 World Cup.

Matt Henry, IND vs NZ

Lessons, not losses: Matt Henry says tough India tour has hardened New Zealand

A bystander who tried to intervene and rescue the woman was also bitten during the attack, details of whose injuries are yet to be made public.

Bengaluru dog attack

Bengaluru woman out on walk mauled by pet dog; gets 50 stitches on face, neck, legs

A woman in Punjab's Ludhiana district was allegedly confined for three weeks by a pastor on the pretext of attending a church service, with her family claiming repeated police inaction.

Punjab woman

Pastor takes woman from family on church pretext, holds her captive for 3 weeks

Bigg Boss 19 winner Gaurav Khanna's wife, Akanksha Chamola, has responded to recent rumours regarding their marriage, asserting that there is no trouble between the couple. 

Gaurav Khanna's wife dismisses divorce rumours

Gaurav Khanna, Akansha Chamola

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On Priyadarshan’s birthday, a look at the director’s contribution to Bollywood comedy and his simple, story-driven style of filmmaking.

Priyadarshan

Priyadarshan: Defining the hera pheri of Bollywood comedy, circa 2000

Play Time!

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Mardaani 3

Dhurandhar

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Border 2

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Tariffs

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The BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) would win 352 seats if the Lok Sabha elections were held today, INDIA bloc 182 seats and others nine seats, according to the India Today-CVoter Mood of the Nation survey.

NDA would win 352 seats if Lok Sabha polls were held today: Mood of the Nation poll

Bands of the Army, Navy, and Air Force and paramilitary enthralled the audiences with an array of foot-tapping melodies, including 'Vande Mataram', 'Kadam Kadam Badhaye Ja', 'Vijay Bharat', 'Sitare Hind' and 'Brave Warrior', at the Beating Retreat ceremony at Delhi's Vijay Chowk on Thursday.

Beating Retreat ceremony: Military bands regale audience with foot-tapping melodies

In this report, the focus is on the high-level meeting between Congress MP Shashi Tharoor, Congress President Mallikarjun Kharge, and Leader of Opposition Rahul Gandhi. The meeting aimed to address speculations regarding a rebellion and internal friction within the Kerala Congress unit. Speaking after the marathon session, Shashi Tharoor stated, 'The discussion with my two party leaders, the LOP and the Congress President and we had a very good, constructive, positive discussion.' He emphasized that the party is moving forward on the same page, dismissing rumors of a fallout. Tharoor, the MP from Thiruvananthapuram, confirmed he would continue to campaign for the party alongside the state leadership. The Congress leadership has reportedly stepped in to ensure unity ahead of upcoming elections, describing Tharoor as an asset to the party. The discussion follows Tharoor's recent absence from party meetings and reported differences with the state leadership in Kerala.

sashi

Shashi Tharoor meets Rahul Gandhi, Kharge to resolve Kerala Congress rift

In this Special Report, the focus is on the tabling of the Economic Survey 2025-26 and Prime Minister Narendra Modi's address at the start of the Budget Session. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman presented the survey in the Lok Sabha, projecting a robust GDP growth of 7.4% for FY26. Prime Minister Narendra Modi lauded the India-EU Free Trade Agreement, stating, 'In the beginning of this quarter, the free trade agreement between India and the European Union is a glimpse of how bright the future of the youth of India is.' The Prime Minister emphasized that the next 25 years are crucial for achieving the vision of 'Viksit Bharat 2047' and noted that India is now on the 'reform express.' The bulletin also covers the political friction in Parliament, with the opposition demanding a rollback of the G. Ramji law while the BJP accused them of disrespecting constitutional traditions. The survey highlights fiscal prudence, with the deficit met at 4.8% of GDP.

PM Modi: India-EU FTA Is A Glimpse Of A Bright Future For Youth

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This special report covers the final rites of Ajit Pawar being conducted at Vidya Pratishthan in Baramati. The transcript highlights the emotional scenes as the Pawar family, including Sunetra Pawar, Parth Pawar, and Jai Pawar, pay their last respects. A significant moment is noted between Supriya Sule and Sunetra Pawar, who stood together despite their past political face-off in the Lok Sabha elections. The speaker notes, 'The family, the political divide blurred by what has been deep love within the family and that void today is filled by the outpouring of grief.' The programme reflects on Ajit Pawar's legacy as a 'mercurial leader' who transformed Baramati into a model constituency. The report details the public nature of the bereavement, with a three-day mourning period announced in the region as the community gathers to say goodbye to the leader they affectionately called 'Dada'.

Final Rites: Baramati Bids Farewell To Ajit Pawar

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Loosening of govt controls set economy moving, but serious problems continue to bedevil it

The loosening of government controls set the economy moving, but serious problems continue to bedevil it.

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